Bharat Book Bureau

African farmers risk being forced from their lands by investors or government projects as global demand for biofuels encourages changes in crop cultivation. Research from the University of Edinburgh has found that livelihoods may be put at risk if African farmland is turned over to growing crops for biofuel.

With growing pressure to find alternatives to oil, global biofuel production trebled between 2003 and 2007 and is forecast to double again by next year. In Africa, countries including Malawi, Mali, Mauritius, Nigeria, Senegal, South Africa, Zambia and Zimbabwe have enacted pro-biofuel national strategies.

Dr Tom Molony, who contributed to the research, said that the allocation of land for biofuel production by government projects or wealthy investors could mean that the rural poor would be forced off their land.

He added that biofuel projects had also raised accusations of ‘neo-colonial’ behaviour, with wealthy countries acquiring vast tracts of land in poorer nations. In Madagascar, South Korean company Daewoo Logistics has attempted to buy an area half the size of Belgium to farm corn and palm oil for biofuel.

Organisations including the World Bank have claimed that diverting land to produce biofuels has contributed to rising food prices, which have forced millions into poverty.

Dr Molony said: “The threat that increased biofuel production poses to food security is particularly profound for African countries where food is scarce already.”

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The global biofuels market is witnessing unprecedented growth. World governments are injecting large sums of money and resources into the development of biofuels in an attempt to reduce dependency on oil. Continued volatility of oil prices and production levels have further hastened the need for aggressive developments into this sector.

The biofuel industry is transitioning from first generation feedstocks to alternative feedstocks, emerging technology development, and new government policies supporting sustainable feedstocks and fuels. With this growth comes challenges and opportunities for developers, producers, feedstock producers, and entrepreneurs.

This report examines traditional and emerging sources used to derive biofuels, and discusses promising biofuel feedstock sources. Worldwide biofuel demand is projected to grow 20 percent annually through 2011.

Bioethanol and biodiesel will make up the majority of the market, with North America being the dominant producer, but the largest growth in the Asia/Pacific and Western Europe regions. A surge in demand for alternative feedstocks is driving new growth opportunities in the sector.

First generation biofuel markets in Europe and the U.S. remain constrained by feedstock availability, but have still reached remarkable biodiesel production capacity levels. In the BRIC nations of government initiatives are encouraging new opportunities for feedstock development and biodiesel production.

Biofuel is any fuel that is derived from biomass - such as cow manure, rice bran oil, bran oil, garbage, chicken feathers, styrofoam, apples, beer, coffee, fungi, and many other renewable sources.

The greatest long-term future potential for large-scale application of biofuels appears to be in the manufacturing of ethanol from cellulosic materials on account of their widespread availability, abundance, low feedstock cost, and significant lifecycle GHG emission reductions that can be attained. Examples of cellulosic feedstock include forest products, wood wastes, crop residues such as maize stover (stalks, leaves, and husks left in the fields after harvesting maize), and energy crops such as switch grass.

Table of Contents :

Executive Summary 5

Introduction to Biofuels 6
Historical Background 7
What are the Major Biofuels? 8
Utilization of Biofuels 12
Analysis of Ethanol 14
Analysis of Biodiesel 15
Pros and Cons 16
Future of Biofuels 20

Feedstocks 23

Biofuel from Rice Bran Oil 23
Understanding Rice Bran Oil 23
Overview of Rice Straw 24
Quality of Rice Straw 24
Technologies Involved 25
Thermal Combustion 26
Carbonization 28
Pyrolysis 28
Gasification 30
Biomethanation 31
Hydrolysis Followed by Fermentation 31
Deriving Biodiesel from Rice 32

Developmental Biofuels 33
Biofuel from Garbage 33
Biofuel from Chicken Feathers 34
Biofuel from Styrofoam 35
Biofuels from Apples 35
Biofuels from Beer 36
Biofuels from Coffee 36
Biofuels from Dairy 36
Biofuels from Vitamin E 36
Biofuels from Fungi 36
Biofuels from Grass 37
Biofuels from Hemp 37
Biofuels from Termite Intestines 37
Biofuels from Jatropha 37
Biofuels from Kelp 39
Biofuels from Lignin 39
Biofuels from Mushrooms 39
Biofuels from Nuts 39
Biofuels from Synthetic Organisms 39
Biofuels from Q Microbe 40
Biofuels from Radish Seeds 40
Biofuels from Sawdust 40
Biofuels from Tropical Sugar Beet 40
Biofuels from Vegetable Oils 40
Biofuels from Wine 41
Biofuels from Xylose 41
Biofuels from Wooden Chopsticks 41
Biofuels from Zeolite 41

Case Studies 42
Air Force to Power Aircrafts with Algae and Corn Husks 42
GM to Produce Biofuel from Garbage 43
Anheuser-Busch Fuels Texan Brewery with Landfill Biogas 44
B100-Powered Speedboat Circumnavigates Globe 44
Bioenergy Projects in India 46
India Jatropha Project 47
Bioenergy Projects in China 49
Bioenergy Projects in Europe 50
Bioenergy Projects in Japan 50
Rice Hull/Straw Processing Facility in Arkansas 52
Biofuel Research Plant in California 53
Bioenergy Projects in Belgium 54

Major Players 57
Asia/Pacific 57
National Federation of Agricultural Cooperative Associations Zennoh (Japan) 57
Ankur Scientific Energy Technologies Pvt Ltd 57
Manufacturer of Biomass Gasifiers 57
United Engineering (Eastern) Corporation 57
Australasia 58
PB Power 58
Europe 58
Abengoa 58
Abwasser- und Abfalltechnik GmbH & Co 59
Alpha Umwelttechnik AG 59
Austrian Biofuels Institute 59
Biofuels Northern Ireland 59
Biomass Syngas Development, Inc 59
Biomass Technology Group BV 60
Biotechnische Abfallverwertung GmbH & Co KG 60
British Association of Biofuels & Oils (BABFO) 60
Focus Rohwer Engineering GmbH 61
Green Fuels Ltd 61
Middle East 61
Alternative Fuel Technologies Ltd Sti 61
Artas Endustriyel Tesisler Taahhüt
ve Tic AS 61
North America 62
Bio Vision Technology Inc 62
Biodiesel Solutions, Inc 62
BiodieselGear 62
Biomass Syngas Development, Inc 62
BlueFire Ethanol 62
Broin Companies 63
Clear-Green Environmental Inc 64
CO2 Solution Inc 64
Cogeneration Planners, LLC 64
Colusa Biomass Energy Corporation 64
Delenova Energy, LLC 65
Dynamotive 65
Firm Green Energy, Inc 65
Genesis Technologies 65
Iogen 66
JatroDiesel 67
Mitsubishi Power Systems, Inc 67
Olympia Green Fuels LLC 67
Onsite Power Systems, Inc 67
Ormat International Inc 68
Pacific Biodiesel, Inc 68
Pan Gen Global 68
Power Energy Fuels, Inc 69
Primenergy, LLC 69
PureEnergy, Inc 69
Renewable Carbon Management, LLC 69
Rentec Renewable Energy Technologies Inc 69
Southern States Power Company, Inc 69
Sterling Planet, Inc 70
Transnational Technology LLC 70
Valley Air Solutions LLC 70
West Biofuels LLC 70
South America 71
Abatec SA 71
AquaLimpia SRL 71

Appendix 72
North America Biodiesel Plant Map 72
North America Non-Producing Biofuel Plants 77
North American Biofuel Plants Under Construction 79
North American Biofuel Plant Expansions 80

Glossary 84

About the Publisher 92

List of Figures and Tables

Figures

Figure 1: Largest Producers of Ethanol 81
Figure 2: Historic Prices of Gasoline & Diesel 81
Figure 3: Historic Ethanol Prices at Sugar Mill Gate Compared with International Gasoline Prices 83

Tables

Table 1: Proximate Composition and Selected Major Elements of ash in Rice Straw, Rice Husk, and Wheat Straw 25
Table 2: Biofuel Cost in US$ per Liter 82
Table 3: EU Taxation Policy for Ethanol 82

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When we think about sources of alternative energy, we often feel a rush of positive thoughts engulfing us. We often think that while developing alternative sources of energy we are doing nothing wrong. But building up new sources of alternative energy is a double edged weapon. If we don’t tread cautiously we might hurt ourselves in the process. Caution should be exercised if we are going for biofuels as alternative source of energy. USA can boast of beautiful flora and fauna. We have the wild lands of the Cumberland Plateau in the southeast and formidable Rocky Mountains and Alaska’s Tongass National Forest. Wildlife and natural forests of these places are rich and varied. But big businesses are trying to inflict irreversible damage to these pristine places in the guile of electricity and biofuels. We know that once destroyed we will never be able to restore the flora and fauna of these places to its former glory. So we have to be aware of those alternative energy resources that do more harm than good.

The Congress is also in the mood to change the energy map of America. They want more sites proclaiming renewable sources like wind, solar and biomass to produce energy. Here we want to concentrate on alternative energy source biomass. Biomass is the organic matter that can come from sustainable sources, but could also come from natural forests and grasslands. Biomass can be utilized for electricity and biofuels. But if you are going to use biofuels you also need to exercise strong discretion to differentiate good from bad. The wrong sources of biofuel can destroy forests and they can become the breeding ground of cropland or sterile tree plantations at the cost of wildlife of the area.

The U.S. biofuels industry has shot into prominence in recent years because of the rising oil prices and an emphasis on developing alternative sources of fuel. Keeping all the above situations in mind, a new campaign has been started by the Natural Resources Defense Council (NRDC). They are taking the help of the Internet and print media for running an awareness campaign about the right use of biofuels. The ads appeared on the front page of Politico.com . The ads direct people to biofuels page on NRDC’s website. This page compels people to use discretion while using biofuels. What is the right way of using the source of biofuels? If you are interested you can check out more detailed discussion of the potential and challenges for bioenergy on NRDC’s new renewables section of the website.

Why NRDC is taking action now? We have heard about the right time and the right place for certain things. Same is true about sources of biofuels. Energy map of USA is changing now and changing fast. Environment and debate about its damage is hot discussed now. If we read carefully then w can spot major alternative energy events like rules to implement the RFS2, implementation of the stimulus package, and climate policy are happening in current time. So it is an appropriate time to acquaint ourselves with the right kind of biofuels that will deal with the unemployment problem and will lead us towards green jobs, a stronger economy and a safer economy and ultimately, towards greener pastures.

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Environmentalists are continuously searching for green and clean fuel. Until now they have been putting a lot of energy and talent into hydrogen fuels because when hydrogen is burned, the only emission it makes is water vapor. So it is a great advantage that burning of hydrogen doesn’t produce carbon dioxide. Clearly, hydrogen is less of a pollutant in the air because it emits little tail pipe pollution. Engineers at the University of Leeds are working on a project keeping hydrogen in mind. They are developing an energy efficient, environmental-friendly hydrogen production system but with a difference. They are trying to extract hydrogen from waste materials. These materials can be vegetable oil or the glycerol by-product of bio-diesel. They are aspiring for the high purity hydrogen-based fuel that could be utilized for large-scale power production. They are also developing hydrogen cells for laptops or other gadgets. A grant of over £400k has been awarded to the University by the Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EPSRC) within a consortium of 12 institutions known as SUPERGEN Sustainable Hydrogen Delivery.

Dr Valerie Dupont from the School of Process, Environmental and Materials Engineering (SPEME) shares his thoughts about future hydrogen fuels: “I can foresee a time when the processes we are investigating could help ensure that hydrogen is a mainstream fuel. We are investigating the feasibility of creating a uniquely energy efficient method of hydrogen production which uses air rather than burners to heat the raw product. Our current research will improve the sustainability of this process and reduce its carbon emissions.”

Hydrogen is largely considered as a clean and green alternative fuel but it is costly to manufacture. If we follow conventional methods of hydrogen production then it emits greenhouse gases. Engineers at the University of Leeds are focusing on these points. The system they are developing is called as Unmixed and Sorption-Enhanced Steam Reforming. They are combining waste products with steam to release hydrogen. This process is comparatively cheaper and cleaner than the existing methods and more energy efficient.

They are using a catalytic reactor for mixing a hydrocarbon-based fuel from plant or waste sources. Waste sources are mixed with steam that produces hydrogen and carbon dioxide and excess water as a byproduct. The water is condensed by cooling without much hassle and the carbon dioxide is removed in situ by a solid sorbent material.

Dr Dupont voices his concern about carbon content: “It’s becoming increasingly necessary for scientists devising new technologies to limit the amount of carbon dioxide they release. This project takes us one step closer to these goals – once we have technologies that enable us to produce hydrogen sustainably, the infrastructure to support its use will grow.”

“We firmly believe that these advanced steam reforming processes have great potential for helping to build the hydrogen economy. Our primary focus now is to ensure the materials we rely on - both to catalyse the desired reaction and to capture the carbon dioxide – can be used over and over again without losing their efficacy.”

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Wind energy is undoubtedly one of the cleanest forms of producing power from a renewable source. There is no pollution, there is no burning of fossil fuels, and unless something very drastic happens, you don’t run out of wind. But it’s not like you can erect a wind turbine anywhere and it will start generating power for you. There are lots of factors that can make an impact on the amount of energy you can generate out of wind

It being a wind turbine, its output first most depends on the wind. Both the speed and force of the wind can be deciding factors. The more wind speed and force you have got, the greater is the amount of power your wind turbine generates. Different regions have different wind speeds. You can gather the available wind dynamics data and using a model like Webull Distribution you can calculate how effective the wind of a particular region is going to be.

Places of higher altitudes have more wind due to various atmospheric factors. Besides, at higher places there is less obstruction from the surrounding hills, trees and building. In fact the height is so important that alternative energy scientists and engineers are trying to use kites (due to the heights they can easily reach) to tap the wind power.

The amount of energy produced by your wind turbine is proportional to the size of the rotor used, when all other factors have been taken into consideration. A bigger rotor certainly generates more power. Although it may cost more, in the long run, whenever you are getting a wind turbine erected, go for a big a rotor as possible.

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We all are familiar with the positive impact of alternative energy on our environment. Now researchers are trying to improve upon the existing alternative energy technology. As far as solar energy is concerned they are trying to make solar panels cheap and people friendly. Normally the solar panels are quite bulky and difficult to fit in on existing architecture. Therefore scientists all over the world are focusing on developing organic solar cells. They could be inexpensive and look like thin films.

Although the above concept looks so romantic on paper reality is always different. Researchers are facing many hurdles to acquire a desired result. One major obstruction is to utilize these carbon-based materials to unfailingly form the appropriate structure at the nanoscale (tinier than 2-millionths of an inch). This way the structure would be highly efficient in converting light to electricity. They also want to utilize low-cost plastics that would be able to convert ten percent sunlight that they absorb into usable electricity. Another aspect they are paying attention to is the manufacturing process which should be free of complicated steps.

David Ginger is an associate professor of chemistry at University of Washington. He is heading a research team which is working on a method to make images of tiny bubbles and channels. They would be 10,000 times smaller than a human hair and would be implanted inside plastic solar cells. These bubbles and channels would be created through a baking process known as annealing. It is believed that this process will help in improving the materials’ performance. They are also trying to monitor the amount of electricity produced by each bubble and channel. This way research will be able to pinpoint whether the material under particular condition will produce maximum electricity.

Plastic solar cells are manufactured by the amalgamation of two materials in a thin film. The next logical step is to bake them to improve their performance. This baking will produce bubbles and channels as happens with a cake batter. The importance of the bubbles and channels lies in the effect that how well the cell converts light into electricity and how much of the electric current actually gets to the wires leading out of the cell. Here various permutations and combinations can be tried to arrive at the conclusion that how much heat is applied and for how long to achieve a good output.

By now we know that the exact structure of the bubbles and channels is critical to the solar cell’s performance. But one can’t ignore the combination of baking time, bubble size, channel connectivity and efficiency. Ginger is of the view that the polymer tested is not likely to reach the 10 percent efficiency threshold. But this will not be an exercise in vein. This will pave the path to show which new combinations of materials and at what baking time and temperature could form bubbles and channels in a way that the resulting polymer might meet the standard.

Currently researchers are eying to charge cell phones or mp3 players using plastic solar chargers. These solar cells can be put into a purse or backpack. But they are thinking of graduating to produce electricity on big scale.

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In most part of the world safe and clean drinking water is unavailable for daily consumption and industrial use. Currently to desalinate water two kinds of technologies are being used. First is known as reverse osmosis and the second is electro-dialysis. Both of these processes need huge amount of energy. A team of scientists from China and U.S.A are working to eliminate ninety percent of the salts from seawater or brackish water. They are also trying to generate electricity from wastewater. “Water desalination can be accomplished without electrical energy input or high water pressure by using a source of organic matter as the fuel to desalinate water,” reported in a recent online issue of Environmental Science and Technology.

Bruce Logan, Kappe Professor of Environmental Engineering, Penn State talks about the main highlights of the project, “The big selling point is that it currently takes a lot of electricity to desalinate water and using the microbial desalination cells, we could actually desalinate water and produce electricity while removing organic material from wastewater.”

The team is putting its efforts on a modified a microbial fuel cell for desalinating salty water. Microbial fuel cell is a device that cleverly utilizes naturally occurring bacteria to convert wastewater into clean water and producing electricity in the process.

Currently they are testing the theory and not trying to do something on commercial scale but practical results are quite encouraging for the team. Logan explains the purpose of the whole experiment, “Our main intent was to show that using bacteria we can produce sufficient current to do this. However, it took 200 milliliters of an artificial wastewater — acetic acid in water — to desalinate 3 milliliters of salty water. This is not a practical system yet as it is not optimized, but it is proof of concept.”

A distinctive microbial fuel cell has two chambers. One chamber is filled with wastewater or other nutrients. The second chamber has water. An electrode was inserted in both the chambers. Naturally occurring bacteria becomes active in the wastewater, devours the organic material and generates electricity.

Later on the research team modified the microbial fuel cell by adding a third chamber between the two existing chambers. They also put certain ion specific membranes between the central chamber and the positive and negative electrodes. The ion specific membranes permit either positive or negative ions to pass but not both. Now they place salty water to be desalinated in the central chamber.

About 35 grams of salt per liter is found in seawater and brackish water contains 5 grams per liter. We know that salt dissolves in water and beaks down into positive and negative ions. When the bacteria start consuming the wastewater they also ionize the water. They release charged ions in water known as protons. These protons cannot get through the anion membrane. Therefore the negative ions move from the salty water into the wastewater chamber. What happens at the other electrode? Protons are being consumed so positively charged ions move from the salty water to the other electrode chamber. This way water is desalinated in the middle chamber. The desalination cell discharges ions into the outer chambers. This perks up the efficiency of electricity production compared to microbial fuel cells.

Logan is explaining how to kill two birds with a single stone, “When we try to use microbial fuel cells to generate electricity, the conductivity of the wastewater is very low. If we could add salt it would work better. Rather than just add in salt, however in places where brackish or salt water is already abundant, we could use the process to additionally desalinate salty water, clean the wastewater and dump it and the resulting salt back into the ocean.”

Though this method has some problems we can hope that the research team will tackle those in recent future.

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BIG Architects is undertaking an ambitious project of a library in Kazakhstan. Like all the libraries this one will have books as usual but it will also boast of going easy on the environment. This new library will serve as a multifunctional cultural center for Astana, Kazakhstan. This library will be named as Nursultan Nazarbayev who was the first President of the Republic of Kazakhstan. Architectural design of this library will be comprised of four parts – a circle, a rotunda, the arch and the yurt. These four archetypes will merge into the form of a möbius strip. The library structure will be as such to counterbalance or maximize the heat of sun according to the climate and the need. In designing the structure BIG Architects are also paying attention to high-tech modeling to calculate the thermal exposure of the building envelope and maximize shading. They are using computer simulation to find out new methods to lower energy requirements of the building.

The architects are taking care of the amount of sunlight required by certain areas in the library they will design those areas in such a way that they get maximum exposure of light. The designers minimized the cooling load on the design using some advanced computer modeling to calculate thermal exposure on the building envelope. Taken as a whole design of the library makes some parts receive more light than others. Therefore the designers are creating novel geometric pattern of the entire structure to standardize the amount of solar glare.

The building is designed in a very interesting, unique manner; it spirals upwards as you climb up and visit different floors of the library. An intricate mix of different ideas and concepts, the building is constructed in the form of a möbius strip: this kind of design allows the various parts of the building to be turned into exteriors and interiors according to the current requirement. The natural light of the sun is filtered through beautifully arranged geometric openings to bring in sufficient light for reading.

The architects are also taking into account the external environment of the library. They are planning to develop a park which will have local flora and fauna. They are also showcasing the geology of the country which has many types of rocks and minerals from different parts of the country. The library will be open to all the sections of the society. The library could be used for meetings, cultural events, and historical record keeping too.

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Rutabagas are now one of the very latest targeted prospects for use in growing biofuels. Rutabagas, or “yellow turnips”, are not widely consumed in the United States, so that’s one of the biggest reasons why they have now been selected for research into their oil-producing capacity. The other major reason is that they happen to have the genetic machinery in themselves that can make them a good store for organically-produced oil.

“If we could make [the oil] in the green tissues, like the leaves, stems or even underground tissues like storage roots, then we think we can make a lot more,” says Dr. Christopher Benning of Michigan State University in East Lansing. He and his fellow researchers have been working to genetically modify the rutabaga so that it produces and stores oil instead of the starches that it currently produces and stores throughout the plant. It already produces oils in its seeds.

Biomass to Biofuels Market Potential “It took about a year to grow the first generation of genetically modified rutabaga in a university greenhouse. The scientists will analyze seedlings from subsequent generations to see how oil production has been affected. Even if all works as expected, it could take 15 years before rutabaga biofuel becomes a reality.”

That long lag-time might be a good thing, though. Environmental groups and food-lovers groups will want to assess the amount of pollution and the amount of non-edible crop growth generated by presumably increasing the farming of rutabagas for a large-scale project designed to get the most biofuels from the vegetable as we possibly can. Then there are other concerns–like farm land usage.

“If you were to dedicate hundreds of thousands of acres to produce rutabaga for the biofuel sector, in all likelihood farmers would be changing what crops are currently being cultivated on those lands. That is one of the sort of hot-button issues, a central focus of the biofuel debate,” says Scott Faber, a lobbyist with The Grocery Manufacturers Association (GMA).

Dan Gustafson, the director of the Washington, D.C. liaison office of the United Nations’ Food and Agriculture Organization, says “Biofuel has some tremendous potential and opportunities for farmers, but there also are problems with food security.”

But rutabagas are hardy–they grow very well in colder weather, making them perfect for cultivation in northern climes so that the greatly important food crops of the southern climes don’t need to be disturbed. Furthermore, they flower in such a way that dramatically increasing their production should not lead to any issues with invasiveness.

And for anyone who is worried about rutabaga wreckage, relax–it’s not going to happen tomorrow or next year that it begins to be cultivated on a massive scale for growing biofuels . There’s plenty of time for controlled study research. “It’s not going to happen tomorrow, but the problem won’t go away tomorrow,” says Benning.

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Emerging Biofuel Market in India

The Indian biofuel market has been consistently witnessing growth and developments for past few years. The Government of India is injecting huge amount of money and resources into the development of this sector in an attempt to reduce dependency on imported oil. High volatile oil prices and production levels have further enlightened the need for continuous developments of this sector.

According to our research report “Emerging Biofuel Market in India”, the Indian ethanol consumption is projected to grow at a CAGR of around 4% during 2009-2018.  We have thoroughly discussed various factors contributing to the growth of ethanol consumption in the report. Besides, the trend of high consumption will not be limited to ethanol but biodiesel will also register strong upsurge in consumption in coming years.

Thanks to fluctuating oil prices in the international market and continuously increasing oil import, the Indian biofuel sector is expected to see robust growth in coming years. Currently, ethanol dominates the Indian biofuel sector, but biodiesel will soon join the commercial stream as the phase one of pilot projects has already been completed. Being at the initial stage, but with huge potential in terms of production, the Indian biofuel industry will prove to be a good option for biofuel producers.

“Emerging Biofuel Market in India” provides an extensive information and rational analysis of the Indian biofuel market. It gives a deep insight into ethanol and biodiesel market across the country. Analysis and statistics regarding market size, growth, segmentation and trends in technology developments have been comprehensively discussed in the report to provide clients a clear and precise overview of the concerned market.

Our report also gives forecast for various segments of the Indian biofuel industry based on feasible biofuel industry environment. These include:

- Share in Global Ethanol Production
- Ethanol Share in Gasoline-Type Fuel
- Ethanol Production
- Ethanol Consumption
- Biodiesel Demand
- Potential Market for Flex Fuel Cars

The forecast given in this report is not based on a complex economic model, but is intended as a rough guide to the direction in which the market is likely to move. This forecast is based on correlations between past market growth, growth of base drivers and possible impact of recession on the economy.

Table of Contents:

1. Analyst View
2. Biofuel Overview
3. Indian Biofuel Industry  - In Global Context
3.1 Ethanol
3.2 Biodiesel
4. Why India is Supporting Biofuel?
4.1 Concern for Energy Security
4.2 Automobile Industry
4.3 Global Warming
4.4 Government Initiatives
4.5 Rural Employment
5. Ethanol - Performance
5.1 Current Status
5.1.1 Production
5.1.2 Consumption
5.1.3 Demand
5.1.4 Supply
5.2 Feedstock Analysis
5.2.1 Production
5.2.2 Alternate Feedstock
5.3 Cost Analysis
5.4 Future Outlook
5.4.1 Production
5.4.2 Consumption
6. Biodiesel - Performance
6.1 Current Status
6.1.1 Production
6.1.2 Demand
6.2 Feedstock Analysis
6.2.1 Production
6.2.2 Plantation
6.3 Cost Analysis
6.4 Future Outlook
7. Government Initiatives and Policies
7.1 Ethanol
7.2 Biodiesel
8. Industry Trends
8.1 Potential Market for Flex-fuel Vehicles
8.2 Biofuel in Mobile Networks
8.3 Biotechnology and Biofuel
8.4 Glycerol Industry
8.5 Availability of Molasses
8.6 Price Fluctuation of Raw Material

List of Figures:

Figure 3-1: Global - Biofuel Market (Billion US$), 2005-2008
Figure 3-2: Global - Ethanol Production (Million Gallon), 2004-2008
Figure 3-3: Global - Biodiesel Production (Million Gallon), 2004-2008
Figure 3-4: Global - Biodiesel Production by Region (%), 2008
Figure 4-1: Crude Oil Import (‘000 Metric Tons), 2003-04 to 2008-09
Figure 4-2: Domestic Vehicle Sales (Million Units), 2002-03 to 2008-09
Figure 4-3: High Speed Diesel and Motor Spirit Consumption (‘000 Metric Tons), 2003-04 to 2008-09
Figure 5-1: Ethanol Production (Million Gallon), 2007 & 2008
Figure 5-2: Share in Global Ethanol Production (2008 & 2017)
Figure 5-3: Ethanol Share in Gasoline-type Fuel (2008 & 2017)
Figure 5-4: Ethanol Production Process
Figure 5-5: Ethanol Consumption (Million Gallon), 2007 & 2008
Figure 5-6: Alcohol Usage by Industry (%), 2006-07 to 2008-09
Figure 5-7: Ethanol Demand in 5% & 10% EBP (Million Liter), 2006-07 to 2008-09
Figure 5-8: Ethanol Supply (Million Liter), 2006-07 to 2009-10
Figure 5-9: Molasses Production (Million Tons), 2006-07 to 2009-10
Figure 5-10: Forecast for Ethanol Production (Million Gallon), 2009-2018
Figure 5-11: Forecast for Ethanol Consumption (Million Gallon), 2009-2018
Figure 6-1: Biodiesel Demand Potential (Million Metric Tons), 2004-05 to 2006-07
Figure 6-2: Jatropha Seeds (‘000 Tons) and Oil Production Potential (Million Liter), 2007
Figure 6-3: Cost Analysis of Biodiesel Extraction from Jatropha (Rs/Liter), 2007
Figure 6-4: Forecast for Biodiesel Demand (Million Metric Tons), 2011-12 & 2016-17
Figure 8-1: Potential Market for Flex-fuel Cars (‘000 Units), 2008-09 to 2012-13

List of Tables:

Table 3-1: Global - Biofuel Information with Feedstock Used and Blending Targets in Selected Countries
Table 3-2: Global - Biofuel Cost Analysis
Table 3-3: Global - Top Five Ethanol Producing Countries (2008)
Table 3-4: Global - Top Ten Fuel Ethanol Producing Countries (2007)
Table 4-1: Price for Crude Oil Basket (US$/Barrel), 2006-07 to 2008-09
Table 4-2: Ministries Involved in the Biofuel Sector
Table 5-1: Annual Installed Fuel Ethanol Production Capacity by State
Table 5-2: Ethanol Feedstock Comparison
Table 5-3: Cost Analysis of Ethanol Extraction from Molasses (2006-07)
Table 6-1: Jatropha Plantation by State (Hectare), 2002 to 2007

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