Bharat Book Bureau

Coal Information provides a comprehensive review of historical and current market trends in the world coal sector. This reference document brings together essential statistics on coal It therefore provides a strong foundation for policy and market analysis, which in turn can better inform the policy decision process toward selecting policy instruments best suited to meet domestic and international objectives

Part I of the publication provides a review of the world coal market in 2007, while Part II provides a statistical overview of developments, which covers world coal production and coal reserves, coal demand by type (hard, steam, coking), hard coal trade and hard coal prices

Part III provides, in tabular and graphic form, a more detailed and comprehensive statistical picture of historical and current coal developments in the 30 OECD member countries, by region and individually

Part IV provides for selected non-OECD countries summary statistics on hard coal supply and end-use statistics for about 40 countries and regions worldwide Complete coal balances and coal trade data for selected years are presented on 16 major non-OECD coal producing and consuming countries

Coal Information is one of a series of annual IEA statistical publications on major energy sources; other reports are Electricity Information, Natural Gas Information, Oil Information and Renewables Information

Table of Content

INTRODUCTION v
PRINCIPLES AND DEFINITIONS
1 General Notes  ix
2 Sources xi
3 Units and Conversionsxiii
4 Notes on Energy Sources and Flows  xv
5 Price Data  xix
6 Quarterly Energy Statistics xxi
7 Geographical Coverage xxiii
8 Country Notes xxv
9 Conversion Factors and Calorific Values xxxi

PART I: WORLD COAL MARKET REVIEW
1 OverviewI3
2 ProductionI5
3 ConsumptionI11
4 TradeI17
5 Prices I23
6 CO2 Emissions (2004) I29
7 Coal-To-Liquids: An Alternative Oil Supply?I31

PART II: WORLD COAL OVERVIEW
1 Production
Table 11: World Hard Coal Production  II5
Table 12: World Coking Coal Production  II7
Table 13: World Steam Coal Production II8
Table 14: World Brown Coal Production II10
Table 15: OECD Production of Coke Oven Coke II11

2 Consumption
Table 21: World Hard Coal Consumption II15
Table 22: World Coking Coal Consumption  II18
Table 23: World Steam Coal Consumption II20
Table 24: World Brown Coal Consumption  II23
Table 25: OECD Consumption of Coke Oven Coke II25

3 Trade
Table 31: World and Seaborne Coal Trade  II29
Table 32: World Total Hard Coal Trade II29
Table 33: World Steam Coal Trade  II30
Table 34: World Coking Coal Trade  II30
Table 35: World Hard Coal Imports - Regional Aggregates  II31
Table 36: World Brown Coal Imports - Regional Aggregates  II31
Table 37: World Hard Coal Imports - Selected Countries II32
Table 38: World Brown Coal Imports - Selected Countries II32
Table 39: World Coking Coal Imports - Regional Aggregates  II33
Table 310: World Steam Coal Imports - Regional Aggregates  II33
Table 311: World Coking Coal Imports - Selected Countries  II34
Table 312: World Steam Coal Imports - Selected Countries II34
Table 313: OECD Coke Oven Coke Imports  II35
Table 314: World Hard Coal Exports - Regional Aggregates  II36
Table 315: World Brown Coal Exports - Regional Aggregates  II36
Table 316: World Hard Coal Exports - Selected Countries II37
Table 317: World Brown Coal Exports - Selected Countries II37
Table 318: World Coking Coal Exports - Regional Aggregates  II38
Table 319: World Steam Coal Exports - Regional Aggregates  II38
Table 320: World Coking Coal Exports - Selected Countries II39
Table 321: World Steam Coal Exports - Selected Countries II39
Table 322: OECD Coke Oven Coke Exports  II40

4 Prices
Table 41: Japan Coking Coal Import Costs  II43
Table 42: EU Coking Coal Import Costs from Selected Countries  II43
Table 43: Japan Steam Coal Import Costs  II44
Table 44: EU Steam Coal Import Costs from Selected Countries  II44
Table 45: Steam Coal Export Costs II45
Table 46: Coking Coal Export Costs  II45
Table 47: Coking Coal Prices for Industry  II46
Table 48: Steam Coal Prices for Industry  II47
Table 49: Steam Coal Prices for Electricity Generation  II48

5 Coal for Other Uses
Table 51: OECD Coal-Fired and Total Electricity Generating Capacity II51
Table 52: OECD Coal Use for Electricity Production and Heat Sold  II52
Table 53: OECD Coal Use in Coke Ovens II53
Table 54: World Consumption of Pulverised Coal Injection (PCI) Coals II53

6 Charts
Chart 1: World Steam and Coking Coal Production  II57
Chart 2: World Steam and Coking Coal Trade II57
Chart 3: Coking Coal Price CIF Japan and CIF EU Member States (US$/t)  II58
Chart 4: Steam Coal Price CIF Japan and CIF EU Member States (US$/t)  II58
Chart 5: Steam Coal Price US FOB vs US Domestic (US$/t) II59
Chart 6: Steam Coal Price CIF EU Member States (US$/t) and US Exports (mt)  II59
Chart 7: OECD Total Primary Energy Supply  II60
Chart 8: OECD Coal Consumption and Indicators  II60
Chart 9: Japan Steam Coal Supply, Imports, GDP Annual Growth Rates  II61
Chart 10: EU Member States Steam Coal Supply, Imports, GDP Annual Growth Rates II61
Chart 11: Hard Coal Production by Region II62
Chart 12: Hard Coal Consumption by Region II62
Chart 13: Hard Coal Imports by Region II63
Chart 14: Hard Coal Exports by Region II63

PART III: DETAILED OECD COAL DATA
Directory of Part III Charts and Tables III3
Special Notes for Charts and Tables III5
OECD Total III7
OECD North AmericaIII17
OECD/IEA PacificIII26
OECD Europe III35
IEA TotalIII45
IEA North AmericaIII54
IEA Europe III63
Australia III72
AustriaIII81
BelgiumIII89
CanadaIII98
Czech Republic III107
DenmarkIII116
Finland III125
FranceIII133
GermanyIII142
Greece III152
HungaryIII160
IcelandIII167
Ireland III174
Italy III182
Japan III190
KoreaIII198
Luxembourg III206
Mexico III213
Netherlands III220
New Zealand III230
NorwayIII237
Poland III245
Portugal  III254
Slovak Republic III262
Spain III269
Sweden  III277
Switzerland III285
Turkey III292
United Kingdom  III299
United States III308

PART IV: NON-OECD COAL DATA
General NotesIV3
World Coal Supply and End-Use Statistics
1980, 1985, 1990, 1995, 2000, 2003 to 2005IV5
National Coal Balances and Trade Statistics:
Brazil IV13
Bulgaria IV15
People’s Republic of ChinaIV17
Chinese TaipeiIV21
Colombia IV23
Hong Kong, ChinaIV26
IndiaIV28
IndonesiaIV30
Israel IV33
Kazakhstan IV35
RomaniaIV39
Russia IV41
South Africa IV44
Ukraine IV47
Venezuela IV51
Vietnam IV53

To know more and to buy a copy of your report feel free to visit:  http://www.bharatbook.com/productdetail.asp?id=79205

Or

Contact us at:
Bharat Book Bureau
Tel: +91 22 2757 8668
Fax: +91 22 2757 9131
Email: info@bharatbook.com
Website: www.bharatbook.com
Blog: http://bharatbookresearch.blogspot.com

Market-based Development of China’s CBM Industry - a report by BharatBook

Bharatbook.com added “Report on Chinas Coal Bed Methane CBM Industry” that discussed the growth and technology in CBM Industry, and its market players

Market-based Development of China’s CBM Industry report gives information on Development, SWOT Analysis and Major CBM Producers in China
China is rich in CBM resources, and its CBM reserves are equivalent to those of natural gas. The latest survey shows that the total reserves of CBM in China are 36,800bn m3, from which the minable CBM from within a depth of 1,500 meters would be 10,900bn m3. There are nine fields each with CBM reserves of more than 1,000bn m3 in China, and their combined reserves are 31,000bn m3, accounting for 81% of the country’s total. Of these nine, Erdos is in possession of 9,900bn m3, 27% of that in China.( http://www.bharatbook.com/Market-Research-Reports/Report-on-Chinas-Coal-Bed-Methane-CBM-Industry.html )

China drilled 1,073 new CBM wells in 2007, and 701 of them started production already, with 3,300bn m3 coming from surface wells. By the end of 2007, China had 2,446 CBM wells, with Qinshui field (Shanxi Province), Fuxin field (Liaoning Province), and Hancheng field (Southern Erdos, Xinjiang Province) having basically achieved commercial production. On top of that, 2007 witnessed the births of seven small-sized CBM compression stations, whose total production capacity was about 1,296,000 m3; and also the three gas-to-liquid plants, whose total production capacity was 1.55 million m3.
Currently China’s major homegrown CBM producers include China CBM, China National Petroleum Corporation (CNPC), and Qinshui Lanyan CBM etc. Some foreign companies, such as Greka Energy (from the U.S.) and Far East Energy Corporation (from the U.S.), have participated in the exploration and production of CBM in China. In addition, four demonstration plants, i.e. Qinnan Panzhuang, Qinnan Panhe, Qinnan Zaoyuan and Fuxin (Liaoning Province), have already begun operations for commercial purposes.
Beijing has made CBM production one of the 16 major projects in its 11th “Five-Year Plan”, which says that the output of CBM in China would reach 10bn m3 by 2010, 30bn m3 by 2015, and more than 50bn m3 by 2020. So China’s CBM industry should expand rapidly in the next few years.

For vast range of market reports you can visit: http://www.bharatbook.com/Market-Research/Energy-Resources.html
Or
Contact us at:

Bharat Book Bureau
Phone : +91 22 2757 8668
Fax : +91 22 2757 9131
E-mail : info@bharatbook.com
Website : www.bharatbook.com

Global Market for Clean Coal Technology The Greening of Coal-Fired Energy

In order to remain an attractive technology option, coal-fired power generation needs to improve further its environmental performance and economics, increase its thermal efficiency and reduce emissions. Approaches available include further developments of conventional combustion systems and deployment of technologies utilizing combined cycles.

The more familiar Clean Coal Technologies (CCTs) available include:

• Supercritical pulverized coal combustion (PCC)
• Circulating fluidized bed combustion (CFBC)
• Pressurized fluidized bed combustion (PFBC)
• Pressurized circulating fluidized bed combustion (PCFBC)
• Integrated gasification combined cycles (IGCC)
• IGCC-fuel cells
• Hybrid gasification/combustion systems

In the report, these and other CCTs are reviewed from the point of view of their current status, current and likely future performance and R&D needs. For long term acceptability of coal for power generation, near-zero emissions are likely to be required. Many of the conventional CCTs are technically suitable for development to give near-zero emission technologies encompassing CO2 capture for sequestration. These and separate, innovative, approaches are also reviewed in the report. The report also discusses the topic of CO2 storage or utilizations.

PCC is currently the most widely adopted system for coal-fired power generation and the use of supercritical conditions has become the norm for new installations in industrialized countries. Circulating fluidized bed combustion is just reaching scales suitable for economic use of supercritical conditions. In the short to medium term, reducing capital costs and improving efficiency and environmental performance will aid further deployment of supercritical PCC and CFBC through continuing evolutionary improvements in steam conditions and environmental control systems.

PFBC has been deployed at commercial scale, although the number of installations is still small and it appears to be destined to become a niche technology. Coal-fired IGCC demonstrations at commercial scale have been operated in the USA and Europe, with thermal efficiencies of up to 45%, but commercial orders for plants have not yet been forthcoming. Further R&D and commercial-scale demonstrations are needed to encourage commercialization of the technology by improving reliability and availability and reducing costs. Materials developments will be important. IGCC plants are capable of levels of emissions of SO2 and particulates that are much better than current requirements and emissions of NOx are also low. The technology can offer further increases in efficiency through advances in gas turbine technology (higher pressure ratios, higher turbine entry temperatures, reheat) and the further development of hot gas cleaning processes for the gas leaving the gasifier.

The above technologies are expected to have an important role to play in satisfying the need for clean power generation in the medium term, and their high efficiencies will result in up to 30% savings in CO2 emissions.

Report Methodology

The information in Clean Coal Energy Technologies is based on primary and secondary research. Primary research entailed in-depth, on-site examinations of coal fired power plants and interviews with companies, engineers and scientist to obtain information on clean coal technology trends, marketing programs, likely adoption methods and technological breakthroughs. Secondary research entailed data gathering from relevant sources, including energy and industry publications, newspapers, government reports, company literature and corporate annual reports. Energy production data are based on data from the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE), Information Resources, Inc. and other trade sources. Consumer demographics are derived from Simmons Market Research Bureau data.

Key Report Deliverables

Clean Coal Energy Technologies makes important predictions and recommendations regarding the future of this market, and pinpoints ways current and prospective players can capitalize on current trends and spearhead new ones. No other market research report provides both the comprehensive analysis and extensive data that Clean Coal Energy Technologies offers. Plus, you’ll benefit from extensive data, presented in easy-to-read and practical charts, tables and graphs.

In-depth description of major types of clean coal technology currently in use or development, including PCC, USC, CFBC, PFBC, PCFBC, IGCC, IGCC- Fuel Cells, hybrid systems, and CCS,

Discussion of technology life cycles and the relative strengths and weaknesses of each,

Key trends and issues,

Current (2009) market size and forecast of market size through 2014,

Review of drivers and influencers of demand and assessment of their impact on future demand,

Marketplace acceptance of alternative energy,

Legal and regulatory requirements,

In-depth profiles of leading participants within the industry including background, product portfolio, financial performance, M & A activity, technology development, strategic direction and key personnel changes.

Who Should Buy This Report

Marketing managers - to identify market opportunities and develop targeted promotion plans for green coal-fired energy technologies.

Research and development professionals - to stay on top of competitor initiatives and explore demand for clean coal technologies.

Advertising agencies - working with clients in energy, banking, infrastructure, and local and state governments, to develop messages and images that compel consumers and businesses to use clean coal technology.

Venture capitalists and business development executives - to understand the dynamics of the market and identify possible investment opportunities.

Information and research center librarians - to provide market researchers, brand and product managers and other colleagues with accurate and timely information they need to do their jobs more effectively.

How You’ll Benefit from This Report

If your company is already doing business in the clean coal market, or is considering making the leap, you will find this report invaluable, as it provides a comprehensive package of information and insight not offered in any other single source. You will gain a thorough understanding of the current market for clean coal energy technologies, as well as projected markets and trends through 2012.

Table of Contents:

Chapter 1 Executive Summary

Pollution Control / Flue Gas Cleanup Systems .. 2
Coal Cleaning . 2
Particulate Removal Systems .. 2
Desulfurization Systems … 2
Nitrogen Oxide Reduction Systems .. 3
Combustion Technologies …. 3
Fluidized Bed Combustion … 4
Supercritical Boilers and Ultra-supercritical Boilers .. 5
IGCC …. 5
Carbon Capture and Storage (Sequestration) …. 5
Capacity Additions … 6
Capital Expenditures . 8
Factors to Monitor …. 9
CCS Implementation . 12
The Carbon Markets . 13
Alternate Energy Sources ……. 14

Chapter 2 Clean Coal Technology

Types of Coal 18
Coal Plant Emissions .. 18
Pollution Control / Flue Gas Cleanup Systems ….. 20
Coal Cleaning 20
Particulate Removal Systems … 22
Desulfurization Systems ……. 23
Nitrogen Oxide Reduction Systems 25
Summary … 26
Improving Efficiencies … 28
Basic Technologies and Processes .. 29
Pulverized Coal Combustion ……. 30
Supercritical 31
Ultra-Supercritical ……… 32
Fluidized Bed Combustion ……….. 33
Bubbling Fluidized Bed Combustion .. 34
Circulating Fluidized Bed Combustion 35
Pressurized Fluidized Bed Combustion ……….. 37
Pressurized Circulating Fluidized Bed Combustion (PCFBC) …….. 39
Integrated Gasification Combined Cycle (IGCC) …….. 40
IGCC and Fuel Cells ……. 44
Hybrid Combustion/Gasification Systems …….. 51
Advanced Combustion/Gasification Hybrid Technology …. 51
Combustion/Gasification Chemical Looping ….. 53
Carbon Capture and Storage (Sequestration) Overview …. 55
Carbon Capture … 55
Post Combustion Capture .. 56
Pre-combustion Capture ….. 57
Oxyfuel Combustion 57
Chemical Looping Combustion ……… 57
Carbon Transportation ……… 57
Carbon Storage .. 58
Deep Saline Formations ……… 59
Depleted Oil and Gas Fields .. 59
Deep Coal Seams …. 60
Other Geological Storage …… 60
Terrestrial Sequestration …….. 61
Chemical Conversion 61
Other Sequestration … 62

Chapter 3 Market Size and Segmentation

World Energy Production ……. 64
International Energy Outlook 2008 (IEO2008) …… 64
World Electricity Generation by Region 65
World Electricity Generation by Fuel Type 67
Coal Use in Electricity Generation ……… 69
OECD Countries – Coal Consumption . 70
North America – Electricity …… 71
United States Electricity Mix …. 73
United States Coal Consumption ……… 74
Canada – Electricity Mix ………. 77
Canada – Coal Consumption … 78
Mexico – Electricity Mix and Coal Consumption …. 79
OECD Europe – Electricity …… 80
OECD Europe Coal Consumption ……. 82
OECD Asia Electricity Mix ……. 82
OECD Asia Coal Consumption 85
Non-OECD Asia Electricity Mix ……….. 86
Non-OECD Asia Coal Consumption …. 88
Non-OECD Europe and Eurasia Electricity Mix ….. 90
Non-OECD Europe and Eurasia Coal Consumption ……….. 91
Africa – Electricity Mix . 92
Africa Coal Consumption ……… 93
Central and South America – Energy Mix . 93
Central and South America Coal Consumption ….. 95
Middle East – Electricity Mix …. 95
Middle East – Coal Consumption …….. 97
Clean Coal Technologies .. 97
Improving Efficiency …. 97
Carbon Capture and Storage … 98
Clean Coal Technology Projects ……… 99
Barriers to Deploying CCS Commercially . 99
Supercritical and Ultra-supercritical ….. 99
Fluidized Bed Combustion ……. 103
IGCC ………. 105
U.S. Leadership ….. 108
Announced vs. Actual . 109
Carbon Capture and Storage … 113
Market Size Determination 115
Market Projections – Capital Expenditure ……. 120

Chapter 4 Winning Technologies

The Road to Commercialization ………. 125
Innovative Environments ……… 127
The Vattenfall Experience ……. 128
Business Risks …… 130
Financing Concerns … 130
Permitting in the U.S .. 133
Factors to Monitor . 134
Carbon Capture and Storage – Most Promising Technology . 137
Mixed Strategy ……. 139
Technology Cost Comparisons ……….. 141
CCS Component Costs ……….. 141
2006 Cost and Performance of Coal Fired - Power Plants …. 144
New Plant Construction Costs . 145
CCS Implementation ……… 147
Legal Framework …. 148
Public Understanding … 149
Research Funding .. 150
Financial Incentives …. 150
Additional Revenue Stream Support – EOR and CMM ….. 151
Additional Ops in Transport Fuel and Chemical Production …. 152
Cap and Trade Systems ……….. 153
A Future for Fossil Fuel 153
Price Supports and Tariffs ……. 154
Emerging Economies . 155
Emission Markets .. 155
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) …….. 156
The Kyoto Protocol 157
International Emissions Trading ………. 158
Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) .. 159
Joint Implementation (JI) ……… 160
Emissions Trading Schemes . 160
Voluntary Markets . 161
Regional Greenhouse Gas Initiative … 162
Western Climate Initiative ……. 163
Asia Pacific Partnership on Clean Development and Climate (APP) . 163
Carbon Sequestration Leadership Forum (CSLF) 164
COAL21 Fund ……. 164
Cooperative Research Centre for Greenhouse Gas Technologies (CO2CRC)………. 165
EPRI 66 CoalFleet for Tomorrow …….. 165
European Technology Platform on Zero Emission Fossil Fuel Power Plants .. 165
IEA G8 Gleneagles Programme ……….. 165
Global Carbon Capture and Storage Institute (GCCSI) …… 166
Energy Technologies Institute (ETI) . 167
Legal & Regulatory Environment …… 167
U.S. Government Status on CCS …… 168
U.S. Government Status on IGCC …. 170
U.S. Federal Agencies ………. 172
Union of Concerned Scientists ……… 173
Alternate Energy Sources 174
Wind ……… 175
Solar ……… 176
Biomass …. 178
Geothermal 179
Opponents to Coal Fired Energy ……….. 182
The Sierra Club …… 184
Greenpeace International ……. 185

Chapter 5 Company Profiles

Company Background
Product Portfolio
Financial Performance
Recent News
M&A Activity
Technology Development / R&D
Strategic Direction
Key Personnel Changes

Alstom … 189
American Electric Power 193
BP ….. 197
Citigroup 201
ConocoPhillips …. 204
Duke Energy ……. 208
Foster Wheeler Inc ……… 212
General Electric .. 216
Merrill Lynch ……. 220
Morgan Stanley .. 225
Praxair, Inc ……… 230
Royal Dutch Shell ……….. 235
Siemens . 240
Tampa Electric Company …. 244

Appendix I OECD Structure

Appendix II Clean Coal Activity

Selected Clean Coal Technology Plants …… 1
Clean Coal Technology Developments …….. 6
United States …… 6
Canada … 7
Australia .. 10
Japan …… 12
China …… 13
South Korea …….. 15
India ……… 15
South Africa ……… 18
Brazil …….. 18
Europe (Overall) … 20
France …… 20
Germany .. 21
Spain ……. 22
United Kingdom … 23
Turkey ……. 24
Russia ……. 25
Capital Investment Decision Making – Subcritical vs. Supercritical and Ultra-
Supercritical ………. 25

List of Figures

Figure 1-1 New Technology Deployment Curve for Coal ………. 4
Figure 1-2 Global Clean Coal Capacity Installations by Type, 2009-2014 .. 8
Figure 1-3 Clean Coal Technology Capital Expenditures through 2014 ….. 9
Figure 1-4 Estimated Capital Costs of New Plants by Type ….. 15
Figure 2-1 Coal Washing …. 21
Figure 2-2 Side view of ESP (Electrostatic Precipitator) Schematic Diagram……… 23
Figure 2-3 Major NOx Reduction Techniques .. 25
Figure 2-4 CO2 Emissions per MW Produced from Coal by Efficiency Level………. 28
Figure 2-5 Pulverized Coal Combustion (PCC) Illustration …….. 30
Figure 2-6 Ultra-Supercritical Unit Schematic … 32
Figure 2-7 Fluidized Bed Firing Schematic .. 34
Figure 2-8 Circulating Fluidized Bed Combustion Schematic …. 36
Figure 2-9 Pressurized Fluidized Bed Combustion (PFBC) Schematic ……. 38
Figure 2-10 Integrated Gasification Combined Cycle (IGCC) Schematic …… 41
Figure 2-11 IGCC Products and By Product Schematic .. 42
Figure 2-12 Fuel Cell Schematic ……. 45

For more information kindly visit http://www.bharatbook.com/Market-Research-Reports/The-Global-Market-for-Clean-Coal-Technology-The-Greening-of-Coal-Fired-Energy.html

Coal-fired power generation remains competitive with the best renewable technologies, even after accounting for the costs of carbon capture technology.

Coal accounts for 40% of global electricity supply and the proportion is set to remain steady, even as global generating capacity rises. Coal-fired generating capacity may double by 2030, which would have a severe effect on carbon dioxide emissions unless new, cleaner technologies can be implemented.

The Future of Clean Coal examines the state of modern coal-fired power generation. This report analyzes the technologies, efficiency and economics of conventional coal-fired power generation, emission control systems and advanced/zero emission systems. It assesses the key drivers of the new technologies and forecasts the impact of clean coal technologies on the cost of power compared to both conventional coal-fired power generation and renewable energy.

Discover how new technologies will affect coal-fired power generation in the short, medium and long term with this report.

This report will enable you to:

- Benchmark new and conventional coal-fired power generation systems with this report’s detailed analysis of the comparative economics of coal-fired power generation technologies with and without carbon capture and by use of different types of coal in terms of capital costs and cost of electricity.

- Predict the size and type of future growth in coal-fired power generation with the forecasts for coal-fired generating capacity, the emergence of new markets and the comparative attractiveness of new and conventional technologies contained in this report.

- Understand how legislation governing emissions will impact on the market attractiveness of clean coal with this report’s examination of the economic impact of new legislation on emissions of carbon dioxide and other pollutants.
Some key questions answered by this report:

-What is the future timeline for commercial development of advanced and zero emission technologies?

-How do conventional and clean coal technologies compare in terms of capital costs and the cost of electricity?

-What impact do types of gasifier and type of coal have on plant efficiency?

-How will demand for coal change over the medium term and which countries will be driving increased consumption?

-What are the key regulations around emissions and what impact will they have on the economic competitiveness of coal-fired power generation?

-How do renewable technologies compare against new clean coal technologies and how does carbon capture affect their competitiveness?

Table of Contents:

Executive Summary 10
Introduction 10
The coal resource 10
Conventional coal-fired power generation technology 11
Advanced and zero emission coal burning technologies 11
Environmental and legislative issues 12
The economics of coal-fired power generation 13
The future of coal-fired power generation 13

Chapter 1 Introduction 16
Introduction 16
Coal use for power generation 17
Economics of coal 20
The environment 21
Emission control 23
The report 24

Chapter 2 The coal resource 26
Introduction 26
Coal types 26
Global coal reserves 27
Coal production 29
Coal consumption 33
Coal trade 36

Chapter 3 Conventional coal-fired power generation and emission control systems 40
Introduction 40
Conventional coal burning technology 42
Supercritical pulverized coal power plants 43
Plant efficiency 45
The future of supercritical PC plants 47
Fluidized bed boilers 47
Plant sizes 48
Biomass cofiring 49
Emission control 50
Sulfur dioxide 52
Nitrogen oxides 53
Dust 54
Mercury 55
Application of emission control systems 56

Chapter 4 Advanced and zero emission coal burning technologies 58
Introduction 58
Carbon dioxide capture and storage 59
Post combustion carbon capture 61
Pre-combustion capture 62
Integrated gasification combined cycle 63
Underground gasification 65
Oxyfuel combustion 66
Carbon transport and sequestration 67
Comparison of the different technologies 68
Capture ready power plants 71
Retrofitting to older plants 73

Chapter 5 Environmental and legislative
issues 78
Introduction 78
Carbon dioxide 79
Carbon dioxide emission controls 83
Sulfur dioxide 85
Nitrogen oxides 86
Particulate emissions 87
Mercury 87
Economic effects of emission control 88

Chapter 6 The economics of coal-fired
power generation 92
Introduction 92
Capital costs 92
Alternative gasifiers 97
Different coals 98
Retrofitting 100
The cost of electricity 101
Performance of different gasifiers 106
Cost of electricity from different coals 108
PC vs IGCC 109

Chapter 7 The future of coal-fired power
generation 112
Introduction 112
The medium term 113
Predicted growth in the demand for coal-fired generating capacity 114
The introduction of new technology 119
The comparative economics of coal-fired power generation 121

List of Figures

Figure 1.1: Coal use for power generation, 2006 18
Figure 1.2: EIA projections for growth in coal-fired generating capacity in selected geographies,
2003-2030, (GW) 20
Figure 1.3: Predicted carbon dioxide emissions from coal combustion, 1990-2030 (million t CO2) 22
Figure 2.4: Proved recoverable coal reserves (million tonnes), 2006 28
Figure 2.5: Coal production, 2002 (thousand tonnes) 30
Figure 2.6: Top ten coal producers, 2005 32
Figure 2.7: Global coal consumption, 1965-2005 (million tonnes oil equivalent) 34
Figure 2.8: Top ten coal consumers, 2005 35
Figure 2.9: Thermal coal imports by country (million tonnes), 2005 37
Figure 4.10: Performance of coal-fired power plants with and without carbon capture 69
Figure 4.11: Plant efficiency with different coals (with carbon capture) 71
Figure 4.12: Effects of retrofitting a subcritical 500 MW coal-fired power plant 75
Figure 5.13: Atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration (ppm), 1750-2005 80
Figure 6.14: Capital cost of coal-fired power plants with and without carbon capture ($/kW), Source NETL-Parsons 95
Figure 6.15: Capital cost of coal-fired power plants with and without carbon capture ($/kW), Source MIT 96
Figure 6.16: Capital costs for coal-fired power plants burning different coals ($/kW) 99
Figure 6.17: The cost of electricity from coal-fired power plants with and without carbon capture ($/kWh) 103
Figure 6.18: The cost of electricity from coal-fired power plants with and without carbon capture 105
Figure 6.19: Costs for different gasifier designs with and without carbon capture 107
Figure 7.20: EIA projections for growth in coal-fired generating capacity (GW), 2003-2030 115
Figure 7.21: Coal fired generating capacity growth in India and China (GW), 2004-2030 117
Figure 7.22: The cost of electricity from different technologies ($/MWh) 122

List of Tables

Table 1.1: Coal use for power generation, 2006 18
Table 1.2: EIA projections for growth in coal-fired generating capacity, 2003-2030, (GW) 19
Table 1.3: Predicted carbon dioxide emissions from coal combustion, 1990-2030 (million t CO2)
22
Table 2.4: Proved recoverable coal reserves (million tonnes), 2006 28
Table 2.5: Coal production, 2002 (thousand tonnes) 30
Table 2.6: Top ten coal producers, 2005 31
Table 2.7: Global coal consumption, 1965-2005 (million tonnes oil equivalent) 34
Table 2.8: Top ten coal consumers, 2005 35
Table 2.9: Thermal coal imports by country (million tonnes), 2005 37
Table 3.10: Typical steam conditions in pulverized coal power plants 44
Table 3.11: Typical carbon dioxide production per kWh as a function of efficiency in a coal-fired plant 46
Table 4.12: Performance of coal-fired power plants with and without carbon capture 69
Table 4.13: Plant efficiency with different coals (with carbon capture) 70
Table 4.14: Effects of retrofitting a subcritical 500 MW coal-fired power plant 74
Table 5.15: Atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration (ppm), 1750-2005 79
Table 6.16: Capital cost of coal fired power plants with and without carbon capture (€/kW / $/kW), Source EU, UNIPCC 93
Table 6.17: Capital cost of coal-fired power plants with and without carbon capture ($/kW), Source NETL-Parsons 94
Table 6.18: Capital cost of coal-fired power plants with and without carbon capture ($/kW),
Source MIT 96
Table 6.19: Capital costs for coal-fired power plants burning different coals ($/kW) 98
Table 6.20: The cost of electricity from coal-fired power plants with and without carbon capture($/kWh) 101
Table 6.21: The cost of electricity from coal-fired power plants with and without carbon capture($/kWh) 102
Table 6.22: The cost of electricity from coal-fired power plants with and without carbon capture 104
Table 6.23: Costs for different gasifier designs with and without carbon capture 106
Table 6.24: Costs for different coal combustion technologies burning different coals without
carbon capture 108
Table 7.25: EIA projections for growth in coal-fired generating capacity (GW), 2003-2030 115
Table 7.26: Coal fired generating capacity growth in India and China (GW), 2004-2030 116
Table 7.27: The cost of electricity from different technologies ($/MWh) 121
 

For more information kindly visit
http://www.bharatbook.com/Market-Research-Reports/Future-of-Clean-Coal-The-Impact-Of-New-Technologies-And-Legislation-On-The-Economics-Of-Coal-Fired-Power-Generation-.html

The China Mining Report provides industry strategists, service companies, company analysts and consultants, government departments, trade associations and regulatory bodies with It’s independent, 5-year mining industry forecasts and competitive intelligence on leading mining companies in China.

Each Report has been researched at source, and features latest-available data and forecasts to end-2012 covering all headline indicators for mining; company rankings and competitive landscapes covering mining exploration and production; and analysis of latest industry developments, trends and regulatory issues.

Key Benefits

Use It’s independent 5-Year industry forecast on China
to test other views - a key input for successful budgeting and planning in this strategic mining market.
Target business opportunities and risks in China’s mining sector
through our reviews of latest mining industry trends, regulatory changes, and major deals, projects and investments in China.
Exploit latest competitive intelligence & company SWOTS
on your competitors and peers in China through our mining company rankings.

Executive Summary

In It’s newly released China Mining Report Q107, we expect the nation’s mining industry to grow to US$587bn by 2011. China claims to be the world’s third-largest mining producer, although most of its companies are small in scale. At last count, there are approximately 150,000 mining players in China, of which only around 30 are publicly traded.

China was the world’s largest producer of coal, copper and aluminium in 2006. With an estimated output of 224.06 tonnes and with consumption in the vicinity of 300 tonnes in 2005, the nation currently ranks fourth in the world in gold production and is the third-largest consumer of this commodity. It continued this strong performance in the first 10 months of 2006, achieving total production of 190.399 tonnes.

Various estimates indicate that large properties in central and western China are yet to be explored. Add to this the fact that most of the mining exploration in the eastern region is conducted at only 300-500ft below the ground level.

Illegal mining remains a serious concern for the industry. Recently, an estimated 8,000 illegal mines were shut down in the nine-month period ending September 2006. Illegal mines have been the main contributors to China’s industry accident rate.

China is hoping to encourage major overseas mining players to co-operate with local gold miners. The aim is to sieve out the small outfits that are not in for the long haul. Experts believe foreign technology, funds and management expertise would enable consolidation and increase the efficiency levels. Also, with thousands of small operations, China’s coal mining industry is highly fragmented. The government has now planned to form between six and eight mining conglomerates that are able to produce over than 100mn tonnes per annum (tpa). It also plans to close all coal mines with a capacity less than 30,000tpa by end-2007.

China is currently implementing its 11th Five-Year Plan (2006-2010), which emphasises securing the economy’s future metals and minerals resource needs. But on the whole, the Chinese industry is infested with structural problems, lagging nationwide geological exploration, low levels of productivity, poor resource recovery and alarming safety records alongside severe environmental damage.

To know more and to buy a copy of your report feel free to visit: http://www.bharatbook.com/Market-Research-Reports/Mining-Report-China.html

Or

Contact us at:
Bharat Book Bureau
Tel: +91 22 2757 8668
Fax: +91 22 2757 9131
Email: info@bharatbook.com
Website: www.bharatbook.com
Blog: http://bharatbookresearch.blogspot.com

The India Mining Report provides industry strategists, service companies, company analysts and consultants, government departments, trade associations and regulatory bodies with It’s independent, 5-year mining industry forecasts and competitive intelligence on leading mining companies in India.

Each Report has been researched at source, and features latest-available data and forecasts to end-2012 covering all headline indicators for mining; company rankings and competitive landscapes covering mining exploration and production; and analysis of latest industry developments, trends and regulatory issues.

Key Benefits

Use It’s independent 5-Year industry forecast on India
to test other views - a key input for successful budgeting and planning in this strategic mining market.
Target business opportunities and risks in India’s mining sector
through our reviews of latest mining industry trends, regulatory changes, and major deals, projects and investments in India.
Exploit latest competitive intelligence & company SWOTS
on your competitors and peers in India through our mining company rankings.

Executive Summary

India has been among the world’s leading mining nations, and is endowed with vast mineral wealth. As a part of the Gondwana geological landmass, India has a strong natural potential for coal, iron ore and bauxite. Accounting for about 6% of the global endowments, current estimates mark India’s iron ore reserves at 23bn tonnes. The grade and quality of coal available in India may not be top notch, but the nation ranks fourth worldwide, with reserves estimated at around 253.3bn tonnes.

However, much of India’s mining potential has not been attained due to outmoded legislation and government apathy in the past. Stringent regulations, both to control as well as protect the industry, have cumulatively countervailed most of the growth potential so far. For instance, with the objective of supplying coal at reasonable rates to strategic industries such as cement, power and steel, the government implemented the Coal Mines Nationalisation Act in 1973. Apart from creating serious inefficiencies, this legislation led to an insulated market translating into little scope for overseas investment.

Post reforms, the government is now striving to rationalise the high-risk investment environment faced by mining players. Policy recommendations by the Hoda Committee need to be implemented in order to achieve the overall investment target of US$22.37bn for the 2007-2009 period. Meanwhile, endemic problems such as delays in the issue of licences, infrastructural limitations, stringent investment regulations and the prevailing low levels of mining royalties continue to hound the industry.

The decision-making powers of many Indian states, which hold the sole licensing authority for a number of minerals, have caused unrest among investors. This is in spite of efforts to maintain a degree of uniformity in the licensing norms. States create their own qualifying stipulations, often requiring companies to invest in other development projects in their domains. This acts as a disincentive for the global investor, more so, in situations where there is uncertainty of tenure

To know more and to buy a copy of your report feel free to visit: http://www.bharatbook.com/Market-Research-Reports/Mining-Report-India.html

Or

Contact us at:
Bharat Book Bureau
Tel: +91 22 2757 8668
Fax: +91 22 2757 9131
Email: info@bharatbook.com
Website: www.bharatbook.com
Blog: http://bharatbookresearch.blogspot.com

The Indonesia Mining Report provides industry strategists, service companies, company analysts and consultants, government departments, trade associations and regulatory bodies with It’s independent, 5-year mining industry forecasts and competitive intelligence on leading mining companies in Indonesia.

Each Report has been researched at source, and features latest-available data and forecasts to end-2012 covering all headline indicators for mining; company rankings and competitive landscapes covering mining exploration and production; and analysis of latest industry developments, trends and regulatory issues.

Key Benefits

Use It’s independent 5-Year industry forecast on Indonesia
to test other views - a key input for successful budgeting and planning in this strategic mining market.
Target business opportunities and risks in Indonesia’s mining sector
through our reviews of latest mining industry trends, regulatory changes, and major deals, projects and investments in Indonesia.
Exploit latest competitive intelligence & company SWOTS
on your competitors and peers in Indonesia through our mining company rankings.

Executive Summary

Indonesia is richly endowed with mineral reserves. The nation is the world’s second-largest producer of tin, third-largest copper producer and number four in the production of nickel. In addition, it also has significant reserves of gold, bauxite, phosphates and iron-sand, along with the potential for alluvial diamond production. As a result, the mining industry accounts for a fifth of Indonesia’s export revenues.

Indonesian coal exports are second only to Australia, with coal production growing at a rapid pace over the past decade. Coal exports were estimated at 15.2mn tonnes in 1992, rising to 105mn tonnes by 2005. But in spite of being the world’s seventh-largest coal producer, proven coal reserves will deplete in about 36 years. The gravity of the situation is compounded by investors’ lack of interest in further development of coal-mining activity in Indonesia.

The natural advantage that Indonesia has due to its geographic location has not been fully capitalised. Situated strategically on the Pacific Rim, the mining industry has seen little foreign investment of late, in spite of having mineral potential that is considered on par with Peru, Chile and Brazil. Currently, a miniscule 0.5% of global exploration funds for greenfield sites find their way to Indonesia, with total mining investment in the nation averaging US$800mn annually over 2001-2005.

An uncompetitive investment environment has been a crucial deciding factor for multinational players giving Indonesia a pass. Mining contractors have preferred other resource-rich nations to pump in their exploration spending. Moreover, obstacles such as uncertainty in working contract system, taxation and royalty systems, illegal mining and differing interpretations of regulations continue to be a thorn in the side of the mining industry

To know more and to buy a copy of your report feel free to visit: http://www.bharatbook.com/Market-Research-Reports/Mining-Report-Indonesia.html

Or

Contact us at:
Bharat Book Bureau
Tel: +91 22 2757 8668
Fax: +91 22 2757 9131
Email: info@bharatbook.com
Website: www.bharatbook.com
Blog: http://bharatbookresearch.blogspot.com

The Japan Mining Report provides industry strategists, service companies, company analysts and consultants, government departments, trade associations and regulatory bodies with It’s independent, 5-year mining industry forecasts and competitive intelligence on leading mining companies in Japan.

Each Report has been researched at source, and features latest-available data and forecasts to end-2012 covering all headline indicators for mining; company rankings and competitive landscapes covering mining exploration and production; and analysis of latest industry developments, trends and regulatory issues.

Key Benefits

Use It’s independent 5-Year industry forecast on Japan
to test other views - a key input for successful budgeting and planning in this strategic mining market.
Target business opportunities and risks in Japan’s mining sector
through our reviews of latest mining industry trends, regulatory changes, and major deals, projects and investments in Japan.
Exploit latest competitive intelligence & company SWOTS
on your competitors and peers in Japan through our mining company rankings.

Executive Summary

The mining industry in many developing countries can be seen as a pyramid, with large-scale, high volume ore mining operations at the bottom and relatively little high-value added mineral and metal processing and manufacturing activities at the top. In Japan, a highly developed economy, the pyramid is inverted. The country has relatively few indigenous natural resources and is heavily dependent on imports for almost all of its crude oil, natural gas, metals and minerals. It imports, processes and manufactures raw materials on a gigantic scale and is therefore a major force in the world mining industry, more so as a consumer than as a producer.

Japan no longer has a significant mining industry, but it does have a world-class metallurgical industry. After the closure of the Toyoha lead/zinc mine in March 2006, the only metal mine still in production was the Hishikari gold mine, one of the world’s richest, operated by Sumitomo Metal Mining. The country’s mineral resource industry is made up of three general sectors: the non-ferrous metal industry, the nonmetal mining industry and the quarrying industry. Japan has been adopting various measures and policies to ensure the future supply of raw materials to meet demand from its domestic construction and manufacturing sectors, and to maintain its exports to other major economies such as China, South Korea, Taiwan and ASEAN members. The government has outlined some of its priorities for securing mineral resources to meet demand. They include promotion of overseas exploration, promotion of recycling, building up a stockpile of rare metals (nickel, chrome, tungsten, cobalt, molybdenum, manganese and vanadium), and technological development of essential metals and materials as short- to mid-term measures.

It tracks and forecasts the Goldman Sachs Industrial Metals (GSIN) index, whose movements are then incorporated into our expectations for the value of output/export of specific metals. Our end-2006 forecast for the GSIN was, at 440, just 1.1% below the actual figure of 445. We have slightly revised our 2007 forecasts in line with our view on global growth, which we see falling to 4.6% in 2006 from our expectation of 5.1% growth last year. Slowing US growth and speculation over the effect of rising commercial bank reserve requirements on China’s economy is weighing and reducing overall demand.

We expect this to deepen the price falls seen since Q406, which we first anticipated back in September, when the Commodity Research Bureau index broke below 330, and we have remained medium-term bearish ever since. Industrial metal prices look particularly weak at present, and we set an end-year target of 380 for the GSIN, a 13.6% fall.

In our five-year forecast for Japan, It sees actual mine output continuing to dwindle. This is less a function of international market conditions than a reflection of the exhaustion of reserves of mineral deposits. Extractive mining GDP will fall by an average of 1.4% per annum over the 2007-2011 period, according to our projections. It will remain only a small fraction of the country’s GDP, dwindling from 0.06% in 2005 to 0.05% in 2011 – equivalent in the latter year to around JPY284.1bn or US$2.6bn.

However, at the same time, Japan will remain an important force in the international mining business through the international activities of its mining and metals companies, through its significant role as an importer of mineral ores for smelting, refining and fabricating, and, of course, through its importance as an end-user of metals in manufacturing and coal for its power plants.

To know more and to buy a copy of your report feel free to visit: http://www.bharatbook.com/Market-Research-Reports/Mining-Report-Japan.html

Or

Contact us at:
Bharat Book Bureau
Tel: +91 22 2757 8668
Fax: +91 22 2757 9131
Email: info@bharatbook.com
Website: www.bharatbook.com
Blog: http://bharatbookresearch.blogspot.com

The Malaysia Mining Report provides industry strategists, service companies, company analysts and consultants, government departments, trade associations and regulatory bodies with It’s independent, 5-year mining industry forecasts and competitive intelligence on leading mining companies in Malaysia.

Each Report has been researched at source, and features latest-available data and forecasts to end-2012 covering all headline indicators for mining; company rankings and competitive landscapes covering mining exploration and production; and analysis of latest industry developments, trends and regulatory issues.

Key Benefits

Use It’s independent 5-Year industry forecast on Malaysia
to test other views - a key input for successful budgeting and planning in this strategic mining market.
Target business opportunities and risks in Malaysia’s mining sector
through our reviews of latest mining industry trends, regulatory changes, and major deals, projects and investments in Malaysia.
Exploit latest competitive intelligence & company SWOTS
on your competitors and peers in Malaysia through our mining company rankings.

Executive Summary

Malaysia’s key competency lies in natural gas and oil, without which the minerals industry amounts to a very small figure. Bauxite, coal, feldspar, gold, iron ore, kaolin, mica, monazite, struverite, tin and zircon are the main minerals currently produced by the Malaysian mines. The nation imports most of its metallic and non-metallic mineral requirements.

Tin, a major contributor to the economy till the mid-1980s, declined in importance following an exhaustion of high-grade deposits. Plummeting tin prices and high operating costs squeezed production margins and forced many mines to stop operations. According to experts, it would be a tough task to effect a turnaround in the domestic tin industry as the remaining reserves mostly constitute low-grade ore. The story is similar in the case of bauxite, which has been witnessing dropping output levels since 2001.

However, low-grade iron ore has been a steady performer since 2001, with an average growth rate of 30.97% for the following five-year period. Malaysian coal reserves of 1.7bn tonnes along with an all-time high output of 789,000 tonnes in 2005 stand testimony to the strength of this segment. But domestic coal supply still lags consumption levels of about 10mn tonnes per annum.

The Malaysian government is now urging miners to revive abandoned mines, especially tin mines, while also encouraging the states to issue more mining licences. Every state is responsible for the issue of mining licences in consultation with federal agencies such as the Department of Minerals and Geoscience and the Department of the Environment.

Malaysian miners are now required to pay income and development taxes, based on their operating profits. Moreover, the government’s keen interest in reviving mining and exploration activities in the nation is evident from the abolition of export duties on most minerals, except ores and concentrates. High import duties on minerals and a cut in imports duties on mining equipment are among some of the incentives to domestic players.

Policy updates, such as preference in the grant of exploration rights to existing holders of mining licences, is an additional encouragement for local mining contractors to stay in business.

Moreover, foreign investors exploring minerals in Malaysia are permitted to control 100% equity and can also form joint ventures with local companies. Total equity participation is also permitted for extraction, mining and processing of ores, depending on a case-to-case basis.

To know more and to buy a copy of your report feel free to visit: http://www.bharatbook.com/Market-Research-Reports/Mining-Report-Malaysia.html

Or

Contact us at:
Bharat Book Bureau
Tel: +91 22 2757 8668
Fax: +91 22 2757 9131
Email: info@bharatbook.com
Website: www.bharatbook.com
Blog: http://bharatbookresearch.blogspot.com

The Philippines Mining Report provides industry strategists, service companies, company analysts and consultants, government departments, trade associations and regulatory bodies with It’s independent, 5-year mining industry forecasts and competitive intelligence on leading mining companies in the Philippines.

Each Report has been researched at source, and features latest-available data and forecasts to end-2012 covering all headline indicators for mining; company rankings and competitive landscapes covering mining exploration and production; and analysis of latest industry developments, trends and regulatory issues.

Key Benefits
Use It’s independent 5-Year industry forecast on the Philippines
to test other views - a key input for successful budgeting and planning in this strategic mining market.
Target business opportunities and risks in the Philippines’s mining sector
through our reviews of latest mining industry trends, regulatory changes, and major deals, projects and investments in the Philippines.
Exploit latest competitive intelligence & company SWOTS
on your competitors and peers in the Philippines through our mining company rankings.

Executive Summary

The Philippines islands include 18 active volcanoes, and lie within the Pacific ‘rim of fire’, an orogenic belt associated with active ore-forming mineralisation. Three principal ore deposit types are associated with this volcanic arc environment – large-tonnage porphyry copper-gold deposits; disseminated and vein-type gold deposits, and volcanic sulphide deposits primarily constituting copper and gold.

Philippines has had a long and established history of mineral production and once ranked among the world’s top producers of chromite, copper, nickel and gold. According to various estimates, Philippines hosts the world’s fifth-largest gold and copper reserves. However, at the end of 2006, the nation’s mining industry was valued at just over US$2bn and accounted for less than 2% of the GDP. Considering the abundance of mineral potential in the Philippines, there are a number of factors that have constrained the domestic mining industry.

Production has been hampered for much of the last two decades by low foreign investment owing to political instability, accompanied by high costs of production, labour problems and natural disasters, including intense volcanic activity, cyclonic storms resulting in severe flooding and periods of extensive drought. Foreign investment has also been impeded by the requirement of 60% domestic equity control of the mining-processing facilities coupled with high excise taxes – mineral royalties – on production.

However, the Philippines mining scenario is not completely grim. An improving political situation, along with the fine-tuning of the Philippine Mining Act of 1995, has resulted in rising levels of mining development and exploration programmes throughout the nation. In 2004, the government unveiled the Mineral Action Plan (MAP), which identifies 24 large-scale mining projects. According to the Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR), these projects are expected to bring in US$4-6bn in investments and US$5-7bn in foreign exchange during 2004-2010. Mineral resources development has been identified by the government as an area of focus in the Medium-Term Philippine Development Plan, 2004-2010.

To know more and to buy a copy of your report feel free to visit: http://www.bharatbook.com/Market-Research-Reports/Mining-Report-Philippines.html

Or

Contact us at:
Bharat Book Bureau
Tel: +91 22 2757 8668
Fax: +91 22 2757 9131
Email: info@bharatbook.com
Website: www.bharatbook.com
Blog: http://bharatbookresearch.blogspot.com